Reflection

In those days English language its most important in our life. In 2103 curse I like the project which it was more interest for me and I didn’t like the summaries which it was more cumulative in the begging of course . Actually in this curse I improve my English writing skills. Writing English its most important in our life I will used it everywhere in my life and daily and its help us for other subject in college  .The challenge was in how to bring the actual source and date which it need more practice or to memories what we take in the past to help us how to bring the source and cite it in reference page. Giving chance to student to work well and delay the dead line . It was good curse and I enjoyed with our teacher which he help us to work well in the course . In future I hope the English curse to be more interest likes to write report about teacher or any stuff or famous people in UAE or any situation like people problem like something to feel it in our life.

Houbara

Houbaras Extinction

 

The IFHC this year planning to know the properties of living with houbarah , in  Al yaher secondary  School they learn hunting by falcon which it the main thing for our future and they hope the other school to do same thing ,some hunting they hunt the houbarah by shooting with gun which traditional practices  which it bad habit for the houbara life, but on the other hand hunting with falcon its must better than gun its giving chance to houbara to be a life .Abu Dhabi falcon club they make awareness about how to save the houbara life and they keep some of habara free in Asian desert .on the other hand some of hunting they didn’t hunt houbara they  know it will Extinction .In IFHC they will give what they can hunt with falcon to save houbara life .

Word count : 140

References

Altaher, N., & Reporter, S. (2012, September 6). Release target for Asian Houbara exceeded | GulfNews.com. Latest News, Pictures,  Video, Multimedia | Gulf News - The Middle East's News homepage. Retrieved March 17, 2013, from http://gulfnews.com/news/gulf/uae/general/release-target-for-asian-houbara-exceeded-1.1070953

Zacharias, A. (2012, September 7). Falconers try to help houbara survival - The National. Latest and breaking news | thenational.ae - The National. Retrieved March 17, 2013, from http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/environment/falconers-try-to-help-houbara-survival

 

 

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NASA

NASA searching

 

NASA looked for life in the red plant Mars and it did not stop its missions to Mars which it cost them a lot of many and they were happy  when they send a car to there . Even all emission they found something new which it help them now to discovers Mars . Viking project has got positive results consisting some strange chemical reactions at the red plant and  they found  some sand sample which are  was mix with the sand  from Atacama desert in chile . NASA is doing all her best to prove that life is available at Mars and so to win the funding by US Congress to its  projects. Curiosity's mission helped to improve the problems of Viking project results And it will give them right fact if Mars was habituated or not .the scientist think that the mars will cool down more  than the Earth because it is smaller than Earth .

 

 

References

Matthews, R. (2012, August 25). The start of life as we know it? - The National. Latest and breaking news | thenational.ae - The National. Retrieved March 12, 2013, from http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/science/the-start-of-life-as-we-know-it

 

 

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The bloody

The bloody legend diamond

 

Koh-I-Noor is a diamond with a violent history, it is part of the British Royal Family. “It was shown as the property of Queen Victoria for the first time in public during the Great Exhibition of 1851”. (Performance of British Material Culture). Indians wanted to return it after the visit of Queen Elizabeth II to India. Sultan Babur recorded in his diary that; Koh-I-Noor was owned by Sultan Alauddin in the 13^th century. After Persian invaded India in 1739, they take it and then gave it to the Mughals. Koh-I-Noor stayed at Lahore until British governed India and took the diamond in place of Lahore government loans. Koh-I-Noor weighed about 186 carats. “In 1852 the Queen decided to reshape the diamond and it was taken to a Dutch jeweler, Mr. Cantor who cut it to 108.93 carats”. (Kohinoor diamond organization). The diamond was last seen to public in April 2002.

 

 

Word count

150

 

References

Rokh, S., son, N., & empire., f. o. (n.d.). Koh-i-Noor: The jewel in the British crown with a very murky past - The National. Latest and breaking news | thenational.ae - The National. Retrieved March 17, 2013, from http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/south-asia/koh-i-noor-the-jewel-in-the-british-crown-with-a-very-murky-past

 

 

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Fertil

Fertile past unearthed from sands of Arabia

 

Where human beings started at first is a main thing for us to NASA took an image for the Arabian Peninsula . The image shows that the Arabian Peninsula conditions affected to humans. Professor Michael Petraglia from University of Oxford started a project that advice to find out what was there 100000 years ago before the climate changed and how the world, people increased. The project is funded by the European Research Council with Dh 10.9 m along the next 5 years.

Prof. Petraglia wants to researcher the Arabian Desert in northern Saudi Arabia and the Empty Quarter. Archeological digs showed many stone tools in many historic sites in Saudi Arabian, Yemen and UAE. The oldest site was Jabal Faya in UAE, which shows oldest human settlement 125000 to 25000 years ago. African people crossed the Bab Al Mandab Strait 125000 years ago. But the oldest site in Africa is the Savannas, which proves that people travelled to the Arabian Peninsula to stay Africa after the weather changed.

Word count

168

References

             King's College London -  Media coverage: January - June 2012. (2012, May 17). King's College London -  Home. Retrieved March 3, 2013, from http://www.kcl.ac.uk/sspp/news/Mediacoverage/2012-January-June.aspx

 

 

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Fossil fuel

Introduction :

Fossil fuel are mostly coming from underground like coal, fuel, oil or natural gas which it contains hydrocarbons mixture more ever fossil fuel is a mixture of oil and gas, some people   thought it formed from the remain of dead animals and plants from underground from 1000 of years which that have been changed to coal, natural gas, and crude oil and other different material. we use the fossil fuel to operate a lot of things in our life .Nowadays the most important largest source for all energy is the fossil fuel however its nonrenewable energy and its can expire any time .the fossil fuel its effects on human life and global warming because burning of fuel causes carbon dioxide gases in the atmosphere which it the main thing to pollution and its effect in the nature according to the global warming they should think to use renewable energy  like example the the solar cell energy  it can operate different type of motor with saving money  and  the atmosphere will be clear from any smoke and it will avoid any toxic gas for breathing .( Fossil fuel 2013, May 10).

There are 8 tests we used for our sample; the first test was to find the physical appearance for the sample this test was to look to the sample from different way like to look to the density and the color of the liquid. And the second test is the pour point its help us to find the lowest temperature of the liquid which it become semi solid and losses it’s following. But  third test was to find the cloud point which it help us to find the fluid temperature at which dissolved solid are no longer completely soluble .After that the refractive index test which it help us to find how light or any other radiation propagates through that medium and its dimension less number. The API gravity test kits to find how the petroleum liquid is heavy or light compare to water for example if the API greater than 10 its lighter and its floating on the water and if it less than 10 it will be heavier and its sinking in water . Flash point test its help us to find lowest temperature at which it can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air its requires an ignition source to measure it .Viscosity it’s to find a measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress for the liquid . Finally the total acid number test it’s a measurement of acidity that is determined by the amount of potassium hydroxide in milligrams that is needed to neutralize the acids in one gram of oil .

Jet fuel:  is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in aircraft powered by gas-turbine engines. It is colorless to straw-colored in appearance. The most commonly used fuels for commercial aviation are Jet A and Jet A-1 which are produced to a standardized international specification. (Jet fuel ,2013)

Gas oil: another name is called ‘fuel oil’ is a fraction obtained from petroleum distillation, either as a distillate or a residue. Broadly speaking fuel oil is any liquid petroleum product that is burned in a furnace or boiler for the generation of heat or used in an engine for the generation of power,. Fuel oil is made of long hydrocarbon chains, particularly alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatics. The term fuel oil is also used in a stricter sense to refer only to the heaviest commercial fuel that can be obtained from crude oil i.e. heavier than gasoline and naphtha. (Fuel oil,2013)

Transformer oil:  is usually a highly-refined mineral oil that is stable at high temperatures and has excellent electrical insulating properties. It is used in oil-filled transformers, some types of high voltage capacitors, fluorescent lamp ballasts, and some types of high voltage switches and circuit breakers. (Transformer oil,2013)

Turbine oil: another name is called motor oil or engine oil is oil used for lubrication of various internal combustion engines. The main function is to lubricate moving parts; it also cleans, inhibits corrosion, improves sealing, and cools the engine by carrying heat away from moving parts. Motor oils are derived from petroleum-based and non-petroleum-synthesized chemical compounds. (Motor oil – Wiki 2013)

Gear oil: is a lubricant made specifically for transmissions, transfer cases, and differentials in automobiles, trucks, and other machinery. It is of a higher viscosity to better protect the gears. The high viscosity ensures transfer of lubricant throughout the gear train. Fossil fuel is a hydrocarbon deposit, such as petroleum, coal, or natural gas, derived from the accumulated remains of ancient plants and animals and used as fuel. (Gear oil, 2013)

 

 

Testing description:

It’s to find what our sample is. From doing different experiment like appearance, pour point, cloud point, refractive index, API gravity and flash point .There are 8 test we do it for our sample, the first test was to find the physical appearance for the sample this test was to look to the sample from different way like to look to the density and the color of the liquid. And the second thing is the pour point its help us to find the lowest temperature of the liquid which it become semi solid and losses its following .and the third test was to find the cloud point which it help us to find the fluid temperature at which dissolved solid are no longer completely soluble .after that the refractive index test which it help us to find how light or any other radiation propagates through that medium and its dimension less number. The API gravity test its to find how the petroleum liquid is heavy or light compare to water like example if the API greater than 10 its lighter and its floating on the water and if it less than 10 it will be heavier and its sinking in water . Flash point test its help us to find lowest temperature at which it can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air its requires an ignition source to measure it .Viscosity its to find a measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress for the liquid .

 

 

 

 

Pour point: by filling the sample with the test jar. And kept it to the first cool section which read max (-18C). Then take it and put in the second cool section read (-35C ). We take it a solid and monitored it to start first drop settle down, so that is the pour point.

Cloud point: by filling the sample with the test jar. Then we kept the sample to cool for some time and during the sample cool we monitored the temperature to make sure the start cloud point.

API gravity: by using thermometer to found the temperature of our sample. Fill up the measuring tube to 50 ml and putting the hydrometer to find the S.G . then slightly more the hydrometer to make sure the correct reading and waiting for a minute.

Flash point: by heating the Cleveland cup appearance with our sample and monitor the temperature with using flame by time to see the start catching fire.

Viscosity: by using the viscometer and count the time from point A to point B with low temperature at 40 C .then increase the temperature to 100 C which help us more, because our sample more viscous.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Experimental data:

Type of sample	Physical appearance	Pour point	Cloud point	API gravity	Viscosity	Flash point	Refrective index	Total acid number
Gear oil	NA	-12 to -17	NA	23.99 to 29.3	NA	210	1.4665	0.8
Unknown “2”	Dark brown, viscous liquid	-13	9	24.68     S.G 0.906	At 40 =546.996 At 100 =44.85	204	1.4978	0.51 0.52 0.49   mg/g

 

 

 

 

 

Viscosity at 40

# Test				2
1	546.996	546.61	0.386	0.148996
2	546.419	546.61	-0.191	0.036481
3	546.419	546.61	-0.191	0.036481
Total				0.0412

 

S =    =   = 0.14491

% S = x 100    = x 100     = 0.0265 %

Viscosity at 100

# Test				2
1	44.85	45.267	- 0.417	0.173889
2	45.425	45.267	0.158	0.024964
3	45.425	45.267	0.158	0.024964
Total				0.223817

 

S =    = =0.3345

% S = x 100    = x 100     = 0.7389

 

 

 

 

 

Discussion:

First thing we bring the all information about the different sample like appearance, pour point, cloud point, refractive index, API gravity and flash point. We find all information for four different sample .after that we chose our unknown sample and separate group and we start our experiment. The first thing we star to research on the interment,  after that we start the first test which  was to find the pour point and cloud point with using cloud and pour point apparatus .the second test was API gravity with using the thermometer and the third test was to find the viscosity with the viscous apparatus with using a timer and  tube in the water the constant temperature . We start the total acid number {TAN} with sample automatic titration apparatus. At the end, we take the unknown number two and start the following test to find what our unknown is. By the physical appearance test its color like dark brown near to honey color because of that we chose it. In the experiment we get a problem when we doing the cloud point test because it’s more viscous which it difficult to find the viscosity. The tan test we repeated three time with small different on the weight and we get approximately in the result. the API test takes more time than other sample, in the reflective test we get problem in reading with the microscope because we didn’t clean it properly and we correct our mistake and repeat the test .Finally after the all experiment we find the unknown according to the calculation and the test result and it was lube gear oil because its high viscous and it was same to the information which we get in our first research.

 

Conclusion:

Based on applying the test and calculation data we can determine that sample number  two is gear oil .The more viscous oil it’s difficult to find viscosity according to our experiment and  I saw in the experiment . We enjoy with the experiment and its give us more information about the lube oil. In next project I hope to choose my group by myself.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Appendices:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

References

Declaration. (2013, January 1). Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) - Gas Oil 500 ppm S (5800). Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC). Retrieved May 14, 2013, from http://www.adnoc.ae/content.aspx?newid=290&mid=290

 

Fossil fuel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (2013, May 10). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved May 14, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel

 

Fossil fuels | Environment | The Guardian . (2013, January 1).  Latest US news, world news, sport and comment from the Guardian | guardiannews.com | The Guardian . Retrieved May 14, 2013, from http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/fossil-fuels

 

Fuel oil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (2013, May 4). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved May 15, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil

Gear oil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (2013, April 2). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved May 15, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear_oil

Halocarbon - Fluorochemicals. (2013, January 1). Halocarbon.com - Halocarbon Products Corporation - Pioneering Solutions in Fluorochemicals. Retrieved May 14, 2013, from http://www.halocarbon.com/fluorochemicals/products.php?gclid=CO_N_52glbcCFQ4b6wodP1MAUw

 

Jet fuel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (2013, May 13). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved May 15, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_fuel

Transformer oil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (2013, May 15). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved May 15, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer_oil

 Motor oil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (2013, May 15).  Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved May 15, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_oil

The Energy Story - Chapter 8: Fossil Fuels - Coal, Oil and Natural Gas . (2012, January 1). Energy Quest Room. Retrieved May 14, 2013, from http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/chapter08.html

Top 5 Fossil Fuel Alternatives | Hello World!. (2008, April 22). Hello World! | A Romance With Nature…. Retrieved May 14, 2013, from http://helloworldbea.wordpress.com/2008/04/22/top-5-fossil-fuel-alternatives/

 

 

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