Introduction
:
Fossil fuel are
mostly coming from underground like coal, fuel, oil or natural gas which it
contains hydrocarbons mixture more ever fossil fuel is a mixture of oil and
gas, some people thought it formed from
the remain of dead animals and plants from underground from 1000 of years which
that have been changed to coal, natural gas, and crude oil and other different
material. we use the fossil fuel to operate a lot of things in our life
.Nowadays the most important largest source for all energy is the fossil fuel
however its nonrenewable energy and its can expire any time .the fossil fuel
its effects on human life and global warming because burning of fuel causes
carbon dioxide gases in the atmosphere which it the main thing to pollution and
its effect in the nature according to the global warming they should think to
use renewable energy like example the
the solar cell energy it can operate
different type of motor with saving money
and the atmosphere will be clear
from any smoke and it will avoid any toxic gas for breathing .(
Fossil fuel 2013, May 10).
There are 8 tests we used for our
sample; the first test was to find the physical appearance for the sample this
test was to look to the sample from different way like to look to the density
and the color of the liquid. And the second test is the pour point its help us
to find the lowest temperature of the liquid which it become semi solid and
losses it’s following. But third test
was to find the cloud point which it help us to find the fluid temperature at
which dissolved solid are no longer completely soluble .After that the
refractive index test which it help us to find how light or any other radiation
propagates through that medium and its dimension less number. The API gravity
test kits to find how the petroleum liquid is heavy or light compare to water
for example if the API greater than 10 its lighter and its floating on the
water and if it less than 10 it will be heavier and its sinking in water .
Flash point test its help us to find lowest temperature at which it can
vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air its requires an ignition source to
measure it .Viscosity it’s to find a measure of its resistance to gradual
deformation by shear stress or tensile stress for the liquid . Finally the
total acid number test it’s a measurement of acidity that is determined by the
amount of potassium hydroxide in milligrams that is needed to neutralize the
acids in one gram of oil .
Jet fuel: is a type
of aviation
fuel designed for use in aircraft powered
by gas-turbine
engines. It is colorless to straw-colored in appearance. The most
commonly used fuels for commercial aviation are Jet A and Jet A-1 which are
produced to a standardized international specification. (Jet fuel ,2013)
Gas oil: another name is called ‘fuel oil’ is a fraction
obtained from petroleum distillation, either as a distillate or a residue. Broadly speaking
fuel oil is any liquid petroleum product that is burned in a furnace or boiler for the generation of heat or used in an engine for the generation of power,. Fuel oil is made of long hydrocarbon chains, particularly alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatics. The term fuel oil is also used in a stricter
sense to refer only to the heaviest commercial fuel that can be obtained from crude oil i.e. heavier than gasoline and naphtha. (Fuel oil,2013)
Transformer oil: is usually
a highly-refined mineral oil that is
stable at high temperatures and has excellent electrical insulating properties.
It is used in oil-filled transformers, some
types of high
voltage capacitors,
fluorescent lamp
ballasts, and some types of high voltage switches and circuit breakers. (Transformer
oil,2013)
Turbine oil: another name is called motor oil or engine oil is oil used for lubrication of
various internal combustion engines. The main
function is to lubricate moving parts; it also
cleans, inhibits corrosion, improves
sealing, and cools
the engine by carrying heat away from moving parts. Motor oils
are derived from petroleum-based and
non-petroleum-synthesized chemical compounds. (Motor oil – Wiki 2013)
Gear oil: is a lubricant made
specifically for transmissions, transfer cases, and differentials in automobiles, trucks,
and other machinery. It is of a higher viscosity to better
protect the gears. The high viscosity ensures transfer of lubricant throughout
the gear train. Fossil fuel is a hydrocarbon deposit, such as petroleum, coal,
or natural gas, derived from the accumulated remains of ancient plants and
animals and used as fuel. (Gear oil, 2013)
Testing description:
It’s to find what our sample is. From doing different experiment like
appearance, pour point, cloud point, refractive index, API gravity and flash
point .There are 8 test we do it for
our sample, the first test was to find the physical appearance for the sample
this test was to look to the sample from different way like to look to the
density and the color of the liquid. And the second thing is the pour point its
help us to find the lowest temperature of the liquid which it become semi solid
and losses its following .and the third test was to find the cloud point which
it help us to find the fluid temperature at which dissolved solid are no longer
completely soluble .after that the refractive index test which it help us to
find how light or any other radiation propagates through that medium and its
dimension less number. The API gravity test its to find how the petroleum
liquid is heavy or light compare to water like example if the API greater than
10 its lighter and its floating on the water and if it less than 10 it will be
heavier and its sinking in water . Flash point test its help us to find lowest
temperature at which it can vaporize to form an ignitable mixture in air its
requires an ignition source to measure it .Viscosity its to find a measure of
its resistance to gradual deformation by shear stress or tensile stress for the
liquid .
Pour
point: by
filling the sample with the test jar. And kept it to the first cool section
which read max (-18C). Then take it and put in the second cool section read
(-35C ). We take it a solid and monitored it to start first drop settle down,
so that is the pour point.
Cloud
point: by
filling the sample with the test jar. Then we kept the sample to cool for some
time and during the sample cool we monitored the temperature to make sure the
start cloud point.
API
gravity: by
using thermometer to found the temperature of our sample. Fill up the measuring
tube to 50 ml and putting the hydrometer to find the S.G . then slightly more
the hydrometer to make sure the correct reading and waiting for a minute.
Flash
point: by
heating the Cleveland cup appearance with our sample and monitor the
temperature with using flame by time to see the start catching fire.
Viscosity: by using the viscometer
and count the time from point A to point B with low temperature at 40 C .then
increase the temperature to 100 C which help us more, because our sample more
viscous.
Experimental data:
|
Type of sample
|
Physical appearance
|
Pour point
|
Cloud point
|
API gravity
|
Viscosity
|
Flash point
|
Refrective index
|
Total acid number
|
|
Gear
oil
|
NA
|
-12 to -17
|
NA
|
23.99 to 29.3
|
NA
|
210
|
1.4665
|
0.8
|
|
Unknown
“2”
|
Dark brown,
viscous liquid
|
-13
|
9
|
24.68
S.G 0.906
|
At 40
=546.996
At 100
=44.85
|
204
|
1.4978
|
0.51
0.52
0.49
mg/g
|
Viscosity at 40
|
# Test
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
546.996
|
546.61
|
0.386
|
0.148996
|
|
2
|
546.419
|
546.61
|
-0.191
|
0.036481
|
|
3
|
546.419
|
546.61
|
-0.191
|
0.036481
|
|
Total
|
|
|
|
0.0412
|
S =
% S =
x 100 =
x 100 = 0.0265 %
Viscosity at 100
|
# Test
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
44.85
|
45.267
|
- 0.417
|
0.173889
|
|
2
|
45.425
|
45.267
|
0.158
|
0.024964
|
|
3
|
45.425
|
45.267
|
0.158
|
0.024964
|
|
Total
|
|
|
|
0.223817
|
S =
=
=0.3345
% S =
x 100 =
x 100 = 0.7389
Discussion:
First thing we bring the all information about the different sample
like appearance, pour point, cloud point, refractive index, API gravity and
flash point. We find all information for four different sample .after that we
chose our unknown sample and separate group and we start our experiment. The
first thing we star to research on the interment, after that we start the first test which was to find the pour point and cloud point
with using cloud and pour point apparatus .the second test was API gravity with
using the thermometer and the third test was to find the viscosity with the
viscous apparatus with using a timer and
tube in the water the constant temperature . We start the total acid
number {TAN} with sample automatic titration apparatus. At the end, we take the
unknown number two and start the following test to find what our unknown is. By
the physical appearance test its color like dark brown near to honey color
because of that we chose it. In the experiment we get a problem when we doing
the cloud point test because it’s more viscous which it difficult to find the
viscosity. The tan test we repeated three time with small different on the
weight and we get approximately in the result. the API test takes more time
than other sample, in the reflective test we get problem in reading with the
microscope because we didn’t clean it properly and we correct our mistake and
repeat the test .Finally after the all experiment we find the unknown according
to the calculation and the test result and it was lube gear oil because its
high viscous and it was same to the information which we get in our first
research.
Conclusion:
Based on applying the test and calculation data we can determine that
sample number two is gear oil .The more
viscous oil it’s difficult to find viscosity according to our experiment
and I saw in the experiment . We enjoy
with the experiment and its give us more information about the lube oil. In
next project I hope to choose my group by myself.
Appendices:
References
Declaration.
(2013, January 1). Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) - Gas Oil 500 ppm S
(5800). Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC). Retrieved May 14, 2013,
from http://www.adnoc.ae/content.aspx?newid=290&mid=290
Fossil fuel - Wikipedia,
the free encyclopedia. (2013, May 10). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Retrieved May 14, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuel
Fossil fuels |
Environment | The Guardian . (2013, January 1). Latest US news, world news, sport and comment
from the Guardian | guardiannews.com | The Guardian . Retrieved May 14,
2013, from http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/fossil-fuels
Fuel oil -
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (2013, May 4). Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia. Retrieved May 15, 2013, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil
Gear oil -
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (2013, April 2). Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia. Retrieved May 15, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear_oil
Halocarbon -
Fluorochemicals. (2013, January 1). Halocarbon.com - Halocarbon Products
Corporation - Pioneering Solutions in Fluorochemicals. Retrieved May 14,
2013, from http://www.halocarbon.com/fluorochemicals/products.php?gclid=CO_N_52glbcCFQ4b6wodP1MAUw
Jet fuel -
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (2013, May 13). Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia. Retrieved May 15, 2013, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_fuel
Transformer oil
- Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (2013, May 15). Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia. Retrieved May 15, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer_oil
Motor oil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (2013,
May 15). Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia. Retrieved May 15, 2013, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_oil
The Energy Story
- Chapter 8: Fossil Fuels - Coal, Oil and Natural Gas . (2012, January 1). Energy
Quest Room. Retrieved May 14, 2013, from
http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/chapter08.html
Top 5 Fossil
Fuel Alternatives | Hello World!. (2008, April 22). Hello World! | A Romance
With Nature…. Retrieved May 14, 2013, from http://helloworldbea.wordpress.com/2008/04/22/top-5-fossil-fuel-alternatives/
APA formatting
by BibMe.org.
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